Using the same immunalysis homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (HEIA ) K2 Spice kit with JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid as calibrator, Barnes et al. Compared to a confirmation method using LC-MS/MS, the specificities and sensitivities for both methods were more than 95%. The JWH-250 assay had very limited cross-reactivity, with JWH-250-5-OH-pentyl and JWH-250-5-carboxypentyl metabolites at 50% being the only ones with a cross-reactivity >1%, compared to the JWH-250-4-OH calibrator. The JWH-018 assay had moderate to high cross-reactivity with 17 SC or SC metabolites. (2013) reported two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) that were designed to detect the 5-OH metabolite of JWH-018 and the 4-OH metabolite of JWH-250 in urine. The antibodies can show cross-reactivity towards other structures than the targeted one, thus expanding the usefulness of the assays, and also enabling the detection of new SC.Īrntson et al. Commercial immunoassay kits have, however, become available for some SC metabolites. Chromatographic analysis is easier to adapt to this ever-changing regimen, and the majority of published urine methods are based on either GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, or LC-HR-MS. Methods for urine analysis that can easily be expanded with new compounds are advantageous as new SC appear on the market when others are scheduled. Screening has often been performed using immunoassays whereas, nowadays, chromatographic screening is also common. Urine is historically the most common medium for drugs of abuse screening. Øiestad, in Handbook of Cannabis and Related Pathologies, 2017 Urine
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